DNY influence of the dutch on nycs early history Essays

DNY influence of the dutch on nycs early history Essays DNY influence of the dutch on nycs early history - Dutch trading companies push factor missing 1,2.,3.,4 they didnt feel like going out to dicover pull factor not strong 1.,2,3, they were only interested in trading - 1602 Dutch East india Company- monopoly on dutch spice trade often considered first multinational company/corporation in the world first issue stock -1614 first dutch settlement Fort Nassau -1621- dutch west india company -march 31st 1624 ship the new Nederland 30 familes first dutch immigarnts tp north America -1624 fortress, Fort Orange -1625- fortress, Manhatten Island, farmers from Holland brought here five farms established -farms bouwerijen 1629- DWIC promised liberties 2nd exemptions 50 colonists- own expense called a patron buy land-full ownership held in perpetuity for himself and heirs 1629- dwic bought back 4 or 5 patroon ships- Rensselaers wyck-Kiliaen vao Rensselaers 1647- Nieuw Amsterdam became trading center of the colony- Pieter Stuyvesht-700/100? de wal Amsterdam- nienw Amsterdam- new york city 1626- Peter Minuit, governor of new Amsterdam purchased Manhatten Island for 60 guilders (24$-25$) 1664- 1500 inhabitants-350 houses- not all Dutch- many languages- cosmopolitan city- atmosphere of tolerance(religious), as per 17th century Holland 1646- town of breukelen Brooklyn 17th century- Netherlands and England maritime powers- rivalry for trade and freedom of the seas August 28,1664- English fleet off Nienw Amsterdam four men- of war- dutch surrender 1673- Dutch again- nieuw Oranje/ New Orange 1674- Treaty of West minister ended Anglo- Dutch war territory to Britain- NYC

Grumman F4F Wildcat - World War II

Grumman F4F Wildcat - World War II F4F Wildcat - Specifications (F4F-4): General Length: 28 ft. 9 in. Wingspan: 38 ft. Height: 9 ft. 2.5 in. Wing Area: 260 sq. ft. Empty Weight: 5,760 lbs. Loaded Weight: 7,950 lbs. Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-1830-86 double-row radial engine, 1,200 hp Range: 770 miles Max Speed: 320 mph Ceiling: 39,500 ft. Armament Guns: 6 x 0.50 in. M2 Browning machine guns Bombs: 2 Ãâ€" 100 lb bombs and/or 2 Ãâ€" 58 gallon drop tanks F4F Wildcat - Design Development: In 1935, the US Navy issued a call for a new fighter to replace its fleet of Grumman F3F biplanes. Responding, Grumman initially developed another biplane, the XF4F-1 which was an enhancement of the F3F line. Comparing the XF4F-1 with the Brewster XF2A-1, the Navy elected to move forward with the latter, but asked Grumman to rework their design. Returning to the drawing board, Grummans engineers completely redesigned the aircraft (XF4F-2), transforming it into a monoplane featuring large wings for greater lift and a higher speed than the Brewster. Despite these changes, the Navy decided to move forward with the Brewster after a fly-off at Anacostia in 1938. Working on their own, Grumman continued to modify the design. Adding the more powerful Pratt Whitney R-1830-76 Twin Wasp engine, expanding the wing size, and modifying the tailplane, the new XF4F-3 proved capable of 335 mph. As the XF4F-3 greatly surpassed the Brewster in terms of performance, the Navy granted a contract to Grumman to move the new fighter into production with 78 aircraft ordered in August 1939. F4F Wildcat - Operational History: Entering service with VF-7 and VF-41 in December 1940, the F4F-3 was equipped with four .50 cal. machine guns mounted in its wings. While production continued for the US Navy, Grumman offered a Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9-powered variant of the fighter for export. Ordered by the French, these aircraft were not complete by the fall of France in mid-1940. As a result, the order was taken over by the British who used the aircraft in the Fleet Air Arm under the name Martlet. Thus it was a Martlet that scored the types first combat kill when one downed a German Junkers Ju 88 bomber over Scapa Flow on December 25, 1940. Learning from British experiences with the F4F-3, Grumman began introducing a series of changes to the aircraft including folding wings, six machine guns, improved armor, and self-sealing fuel tanks. While these improvements slightly hampered the new F4F-4s performance, they improved pilot survivability and increased the number that could be carried aboard American aircraft carriers. Deliveries of the Dash Four began in November 1941. A month earlier, the fighter officially received the name Wildcat. At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Navy and Marine Corps possessed 131 Wildcats in eleven squadrons. The aircraft quickly came to prominence during the Battle of Wake Island (December 8-23, 1941), when four USMC Wildcats played a key role in the heroic defense of the island. During the next year, the fighter provided defensive cover for American planes and ships during the strategic victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the decisive triumph at the Battle of Midway. In addition to carrier use, the Wildcat was an important contributor to Allied success in the Guadalcanal Campaign. Though not as nimble as its main Japanese opponent, the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Wildcat quickly earned a reputation for its ruggedness and ability to withstand shocking amounts of damage while still remaining airborne. Learning quickly, American pilots developed tactics to deal with the Zero which utilized the Wildcats high service ceiling, greater ability to power dive, and heavy armament. Group tactics were also devised, such as the Thach Weave which allowed Wildcat formations to counter a diving attack by Japanese aircraft. In mid-1942, Grumman ended Wildcat production in order to focus on its new fighter, the F6F Hellcat. As a result, manufacture of the Wildcat was passed to General Motors. Though the fighter was supplanted by the F6F and F4U Corsair on most American fast carriers by mid-1943, its small size made it ideal for use aboard escort carriers. This allowed the fighter to remain in both American and British service through the end of the war. Production ended in fall 1945, with a total of 7,885 aircraft built. While the F4F Wildcat often receives less notoriety than its later cousins and possessed a less-favorable kill-ratio, it is important to note that the aircraft bore the brunt of the fighting during the critical early campaigns in the Pacific when Japanese air power was at its peak. Among the notable American pilots who flew the Wildcat were Jimmy Thach, Joseph Foss, E. Scott McCuskey, and Edward Butch OHare. Selected Sources Military Factory: F4F WildcatChuckhawks: F4F Wildcat

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Discussion - Essay Example porter, a country through its government may require pre-shipment inspections on/ for inspection certificate to confirm that the price being charged by the exporter is commensurate with the true valley of the goods or services [to be shipped]. This therefore parries away the danger of substandard goods infiltrating a country. The same also assuages attempts to escape the payment of custom duties. This is always the case if the shipment being made is of high value, as was previously mentioned. In some cases, an inspection certificate may be required in some countries, for a specific type of goods. For instance, on the one hand, in Kuwait, an inspection certificate is required whenever there is an importation of a regulated product whose value exceeds 3,000 dollars. On the other hand, Mexico requires an inspection certificate for goods such as textiles, shoes, bicycles and shoes, if only these products fail to qualify for NAFTA. Conversely, shipments to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia must contain an inspection certificate for a small number of

Web 2.0 Technology and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Web 2.0 Technology and Education - Essay Example Indeed, while the use of technology in classroom has addressed the individual needs and requirements of students, its application in myriad formats has opened huge possibilities for students and teachers alike to exploit their potential for higher learning. The advancing technology and Web 2 tools have increasingly emerged as key elements to impact students’ learning outcome and made acquisition of knowledge highly interesting. They have therefore, widened their horizon of educational scope and outcome. Statement of problem In the current times, not using Web 2 tools could pose serious problems for students. Technology is intrinsically linked to development processes and its huge impact on education system has necessitated its inclusion within the curricula to enhance learning outcome. Valdez has emphasized that educators must be ready for technology rich future and promote dynamic strategies and tools within the curricula so that the students are prepared to meet the challeng es of the 21st century (1). The current generation of tech savvy students is no more satisfied with classroom teaching and is constantly seeking real time learning through new tools which can challenge their abilities to explore new avenues of knowledge acquisition (Akyeampong 3860). Web 2 provides the students with interactive media to share their knowledge and at the same time, facilitate their learning processes by sharing experience, opinions and views on different areas and issues (Greenhow et al., 247). Thus, Web 2 has wide ramifications on individual learning and its inclusion within curricula becomes key element of motivation. They help individuals with varying needs to optimize their learning outcome and ensure higher achievement. Thus, not using Web 2 tools could seriously hinder students’ personal and academic achievements. Purpose of the study The major purpose of the study is to explore how the use of Web 2 tools influence learning process and enhance education o utcome. Today, technology has become part and parcel of education system and the use of internet and online learning tools have increasingly become popular within and outside classroom. But the efficacy of the Web 2 tools like social networking, blogging and use of video sharing websites etc. needs to be explored within the academia to study their impact on students’ learning outcome. Most importantly, how it can be exploited for enhancing students’ learning is vital issue that must be explored and evaluated to ensure students’ continued interest in the core academic areas. The huge possibilities of internet based learning offers tremendous scope of growth that needs to be used by educators for enhancing students’ education outcome. Hypothesis 1. What are the main elements of Web 2 that make it attractive for students? 2. Do the Web 2 tools offer different challenges for students with varying skills? 3. How does Web 2 help to influence the learning proces ses of students with varying needs? 4. How does the interactive platform of Web 2 help to widen the understanding of different issues? 5. Do the web 2 platforms promote global values and improve and improvise learning outcome across the geographical boundaries of class, color, race and culture? 6. How do Web 2 tools encourage greater interaction amongst students and teachers? 7. How does it impact reading, writing and comprehension skills of students? 8. How does it keep the students motivated in the academic learning? 9. How can teachers exploit the vast potential of Web 2 tools for enhancing students’ education outcome? What is Web 2.0? According to O’Reilly the Web 2 tools are internet based technologies and platforms of communication like social netwo

The Ebola Virus :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF)

The Ebola Virus 10 out of 10 people infected with it will die with die with it. It is airborne. It is 100 times more contagious than AIDS. It has no known origin, vaccination or cure. It kills you in such a way that even highly trained professionals get sick from just hearing about the effects. It is real and it has started its attack on the human race. Mrs. Landau and fellow classmates. The symptoms I have just described to you are real. These are symptoms to a real and fatal virus. The virus's name is Ebola and it has started its burn into our society. Like the AIDS virus, nothing really is known about it except its effect on people. Like the AIDS virus, there is no cure, treatment or vaccination. Unlike the AIDS virus which can take up to 8 to 10 years to kill you, this virus can take as little as to 8 to 10 hours to result fatally. It starts off with a fever and symptoms of the flu. Then the muscles in your face stop moving freezing your face into a mask. Just before death, you start to bleed from every opening in your body starting from your nose and mouth to your gums. Your internal organs liquefy and you vomit them up. In reality, the virus has attempted to turn its host into a virus. You are dead before you have even started to show signs of this virus. It is believed that it is some sort of mutated form of AIDS because it started in the original spot as AIDS did, Kinshasa and moved along the highway ripping its way through Northern Africa. As of now there are an estimated 150 000 people who have died from this virus. This figure is in Africa alone. In October 1989, monkeys were dying by the hundreds in a building 2 miles away from the White House. They were diagnosed as dying from Ebola. Except that this strain of Ebola was not harmful to humans. It only killed monkeys. If a virus can change its metabolism into a virus which only kills monkeys, it could change its metabolism into a virus which only kills people.

Wikileaks Case Study

Case Facts: †¢WikiLeaks is an international, online, self-proclaimed not-for-profit organisation that publishes submissions of undisclosed and secret information, news leaks, and highly classified media from anonymous sources and whistleblowers. †¢The head of the online organisation, which was founded in 2006, is Australian born, Julian Assange. †¢Its purpose is to provide whistleblowers with a domain to publish their case to the public and preserve their identity (Lennon 2010). †¢Exposes various government and privately owned organisations. First major act of exposure was the publication of Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin's emails by WikiLeaks (DeFraia 2012). †¢Another act of exposure released on its website showed a US military helicopter firing at a group of enemy suspects, which were in fact Iraqi civilians including children (DeFraia 2012). †¢Since the release of this video, WikiLeaks has publicly aired millions of confidential pu blications (WikiLeaks 2012). †¢WikiLeaks publishes war logs from Iraq: 400,000 confidential US documents on the Iraq war from 2004 to 2009 (DeFraia 2012). Interpol put Julian Assange on most-wanted list. Suspected of rape. As a result, Paypal cuts off WikiLeaks from using its services, thus ceasing donations (DeFraia 2012). DECISION MAKER: A decision maker by definition is someone who administers a business (Farlex 2012). In the case of WikiLeaks, according to the definition, this would be Julian Assange as he is the head of the WikiLeaks organisation. Ultimately it is Assange’s decision to release classified information to the general public through his website. ETHICAL ISSUES AND ASSUMPTIONS:The assumption that can be made in this case is that Julian Assange was always aiming to smear the reputation of certain organisations and expose classified information. His WikiLeaks website provided him with the medium to do this as it allowed people wanting to expose classified information to do so as an anonymous source. The controversy surrounding the WikiLeaks case, and discussion by the general public, centres on whether it is ethical to release private and confidential information to society. This is the main issue that the organisations that are being exposed are arguing as it is damaging to their reputation.Another issue is that from the perspective of the organisations that are hiding this confidential information. Should they be ethically bound to release all information that may affect the general public to society? In reality, WikiLeaks is acting unethically by invading people’s privacy in order to expose them, and is it really to the benefit of society? However, they argue that what they do is public disclosure whistleblowing, and they argue that the public has a right to know what its government is doing (Cox 2010). ETHICAL DILEMMA: The ethical dilemma in this case is found to be: To release classified information to the general publicO R Not to release classified information to the general public These two dilemmas have undesirable outcomes for the decision maker and all parties concerned. Releasing the information to the general public will cause continued criticism of WikiLeaks plus create a backlash for the organisations involved. To not release classified information to the general public could see organisations continue to get away with unethical acts. UTILITARIANISM: There are numerous parties who are directly and indirectly affected by both considered actions. These groups are: †¢Julian Assange †¢General public Informants releasing information to WikiLeaks (Whistleblowers) †¢Targeted organisations †¢Employees of targeted companies/organisations †¢WikiLeaks employees From a utilitarian framework point of view all of the above mentioned stakeholders need to be analysed on how the ethical dilemma will affect each of them. There will be positive and negative consequences for each of the parties, be it in the long term or short term. To release classified information to the general public †¢Julian Assange oReceive ongoing criticism and scrutiny from affected parties – short/long term oContinued support from whistleblowers – long term General public oWill continue to be informed about unethical practices by certain companies and organisations – long term oIncreased scepticism of large organisations and governments – long term †¢Whistleblowers oContinued support of WikiLeaks as a medium for publication of classified information – long term oEasy and anonymous alternative to traditional whistleblowing – short term †¢Targeted organisations oLoss of reputation because of the revelation of unethical practices – short/long term oMistrust from the public in the organisation because of unethical practices – short/long term oLoss of productivity – short/long term Employees of targeted organisations oAffected through downturn of productivity, which may result in them being made redundant/sacked – short/long term †¢WikiLeaks employees oRetain employment – long term Not to release classified information to the general public †¢Julian Assange oNo information to release – long term oCease in funding – long term oTermination of WikiLeaks as an organisation †¢General public oWon’t be made aware of unethical practices – long term †¢Whistleblowers oLose the medium to anonymously expose organisations partaking in unethical acts – long term †¢Targeted organisations Confidential information remains classified – long term oMaintain positive productivity – long term oReputation remains intact – long term †¢Employees of targeted organisations oWill maintain employment – long term †¢WikiLeaks employees oWill lose their jobs – long term Recommendation: When applying the utili tarianism framework to the ethical dilemma, the greatest good for the greatest number applies. In this case, the greatest good for the greatest number would be for WikiLeaks to release the classified information to the general public as they are the greatest number.This decision would negatively affect the organisations that are being exposed as well as their employees. Even though employees at these firms may subsequently lose their jobs because of the exposure of confidential information, the general public will be the greater benefactor as they will be made aware of the immoral actions of these organisations and thus be more cautious when it comes to interacting with them. Therefore I recommend the release of information to the general public. KANTIANISM: From a Kantian view point, the decision maker is obligated to act in the best interests of the general public as they are the main stakeholders.From the ethical dilemma, which is either to release classified information to the g eneral public or not to release classified information to the general public, two maxims are developed. In this case they are: To always be honest with the general public Or To never be honest with the general public Applying the Categorical Imperative: To always be honest with the general public The above maxim passes the universalisable test, as every organisation must always be honest with the general public, as then organisations will always be trusted and maintain a high standard of integrity.The maxim, to always be honest with the general public, also passes the Respect for Persons test, as the decision maker is being honest to the public and fulfilling his duty by respecting them as people. This maxim also passes the autonomy of rational beings assessment as it is not restricting their right to freedom of information. This action passes all the Categorical Imperative criteria, thus the maxim is ethical. To never be honest with the general public Again, using the universalisab le test, the second maxim does not pass.If every organisation is dishonest then this will lead to distrust of organisations concerned by the general public. As for the respect for persons test, this maxim also fails. As honesty is a sign of respect, then being dishonest to the general public is not respecting them as human beings. The last Categorical Imperative, autonomy of rational beings, also fails because the intent of the decision maker is to supply honest information to the general public, which in this case he would not do. Overall, this maxim fails in all three Categorical Imperative criteria, thus the action in unethical. Recommendation:From a Kantianism point of view, a maxim must pass all three Categorical Imperative tests in order for it to be declared ethical. In this case, the second maxim failed to pass all three tests and therefore cannot be judged ethical. However, the first maxim, to be honest with the general public, passed all three criteria and therefore can be determined as an ethical course of action for the decision maker. With regard to the case, the recommendation would be for WikiLeaks and Julian Assange to release classified information to the general public. RIGHTS ANALYSIS: The below rights are concerned with this ethical dilemma:Julian Assange †¢The negative right to freedom of speech, which obligates others not to take this right away from him. †¢The negative right to autonomy, which obligates other people to abstain from taking this right away from him. Informants releasing information to WikiLeaks (Whistleblowers) †¢The negative right to freedom of speech, which obligates others not to take this right away. †¢The negative right to autonomy, which obligates other people to abstain from denying this right. Targeted organisations †¢The negative right to confidentiality, which obligates others to refrain from denying them this right. The negative right to make decisions from a business perspective, which obligates others to resist from taking this away from them. †¢The negative right to autonomy, which obligates other people to abstain from denying this right. General public †¢The positive right to freedom of information, which obligates others not to deny them of this right. Clash: Under the rights framework, there is a clash between Julian Assange’s right to freedom of speech and the targeted organisation’s right to confidentiality. Recommendation: Due to the clash, it must be determined which right overrides the other.The targeted organisation’s right to confidentiality is deemed to be more important in the scheme of the situation in relation to Assange’s right to freedom of speech by releasing the information. As the information that the organisations are keeping confidential is often very sensitive, Assange must respect this right of these organisations. Therefore, it is recommended that the decision maker (Assange) not release the informat ion under the rights framework. CONFUCIAN ETHICS: Using this ethical framework, the ethical dilemma must be analysed against the relevant Confucian virtues. Ren:This virtue relates to humaneness with the goal of benefiting a workplace, community, sub-group or any relevant stakeholders. In relation to the case, Julian Assange can be seen to be acting humanely by informing the community of the wrongdoings of the organisations concerned. Yi: This virtue relates to righteousness or justice and involves doing what is ethically just in a certain situation, particularly from a business sense. In relation to the case, Assange is acting as a moral character by considering what is best for the general public and in turn acting justly and rightly by releasing the classified information to the public.Xin: This virtue relates to integrity and faithfulness. In relation to the case, Assange is acting with integrity by exposing wrongdoings to the general public and thus acting in adherence to moral and ethical principles. He is also displaying faithfulness to WikiLeaks followers as he continues to release information even though he is under scrutiny from various areas of society. Recommendation: In examining the case study against the relevant Confucian virtues it can be recommended that it would be appropriate for Julian Assange to release the information to the general public.In following the golden rule, do not do to others what you would not like done to yourself, I would not like important information kept from me. Therefore Assange is acting in accordance with this framework by releasing the information. FINAL RECOMMENDATION: In summary, after analysing the ethical dilemma against the four ethical frameworks, it can be concluded that the morally just course of action for the decision maker, Julian Assange, would be to release classified information to the general public. All four frameworks produced the same outcome through their different processes.From the organisatio ns’ viewpoint, they would like to keep the publications as classified as possible, however it is impossible for them to prevent parties who are aware of the information informing WikiLeaks of the wrongdoings. The act of supplying information to WikiLeaks is becoming increasingly popular because of the anonymous factor and is becoming a more favoured way of whistleblowing as there are no repercussions. A mitigation strategy for this case is not exactly clear cut. It’s hard for WikiLeaks to find an effective strategy that is as impactful and informative to the public.The strategy I have decided on is that Assange can inform the relevant authorities in a private manner if any organisations have demonstrated illegal activities, and only report on specific activities that are illegal. This will mean that the organisations that do have confidential information to protect will remain confidential. This strategy will also mean that the whistleblower will remain anonymous. This is a strategy similar to WikiLeaks, however it will mean that only the illegal actions are exposed and reported to the necessary authorities for them to announce to the general public. REFERENCES:Cox, T 2010, ‘Is WikiLeaks brave or unethical? ’, National Public Radio, 10 November 2010, viewed 21 September 2012. ; http://www. npr. org/2010/11/30/131699467/is-wikileaks-release-brave-or-unethical; DeFraia, D 2012, ‘WikiLeaks Timeline: key moments’, Global Post, 16 August 2012, viewed 21 September 2012. Farlex Inc 2012, Princeton University USA, viewed 22 September 2012. Lennon, R 2010, ‘Case Study of the WikiLeaks Whistleblower’, Dublin City University, viewed 21 September 2012. ; http://www. ruairi. info/ethics. pdf; WikiLeaks 2012, no source recorded, viewed 21 September 2012. ; http://wikileaks. org/;

Essay on Children Killing Children - 2504 Words

According to a study by Dr. Suzanne Lego crime has decreased in the past 10 years in all but one area, youth violence. Dr. Lego states that a study conducted by Dr. Joyce Brothers reveals that when a gun in placed on a table in a room where children are playing, and with no one making physical contact with the gun, aggressiveness increases in the level of play. According to Dr. Lego, the same behavior was expressed when a television was tuned to a violent, action packed program (Lego). It is my opinion that this increased level of aggression does not disappear simply because the cause of the aggression has been removed. Rather this aggression remains in the sub-conscience mind waiting for the perfect opportunity to manifest itself in an†¦show more content†¦One of Britains best-known Roman towns is the latest discovery of remains believed to be a girl between eight and 10 years of age who may have been tied up before she died in before 367 AD. Her burial-place is believed to include evidence of a crime. According to Patricia Birley, director of the Vindolanda Trust, This definitely looks like a case of foul play. It has been very sad to find a child in this shallow grave under the barrack floor.† (Wainwright). Of course, due to the date of this killing, it may never be known whether the actual killer was another child or a Roman soldier. It may be possible to eventually trace the killing to a particular individual, although unlikely, due to the preservation of written records naming the unit which was stationed at the fort at the time of death. The unit was the Fourth Cohort of Gauls (Wainwright). While the above may eventually establish that children have been killing children for centuries, the facts are evident that child killing is nothing new. There are other, more recent cases, which can be proven to be factual as to the killer being a child. For example, Jesse Pomeroy was only fourteen years old when he murdered a four-year old boy in 1874 . Pomeroy had sexually tortured seven other boys 3 years previous to killing the four-year old. For the combination of these crimes, Jesse was sentenced to reform school, but wasShow MoreRelatedA Presentation On The Killing Of Children Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pages Today people cultural belief varies in various part of the world. This presentation will focus on the killing of children in Angola. There many factors that have contributed to many children being accused, abused and killed due to witchcraft. Riedel et al., (2012) quotes that Many of the thousands of street children across Angola are victims of this trend( Billion,2001). This is something New to us is African culture it is usually the older people who are accused of practicing Witchcraft. 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